In addition to the physical or wireless transmission media that carry the network’s signals, a network also uses protocols (standards) that enable network-connected device to communicate with each other. What are protocols? They’re like the manners you were growing up, you were taught to say certain fixed things, such as “It’s nice to meet you,” when u met someone in a social situation. The other person was taught to reply, “It’s nice to meet you, too.” Such exchangers serve to get communication going. Network protocols are similar. They are fixed, formalized exchange that specifies how two dissimilar network components can establish a communication. All of the communications devices in a network conform to different protocols. Take modems, for example. To establish communications, modems must conform to standard called modulation protocols. Which ensure that your modem can communicate with another modem, even if the second modem was made by a different manufacturer.
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